Insulin
The anabolic hormone that lowers blood glucose by driving uptake into muscle, fat, and liver and promoting storage of glucose, fat, and protein. Central to metabolic health.
Too little may be associated with
High blood sugar, thirst, and weight loss; absolute deficiency causes type 1 diabetes and ketoacidosis.
Too much may be associated with
Low blood sugar (shakiness, confusion); chronically high levels accompany insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
Informational only — not medical advice.
Organ systems
Stimuli that influence it
Substances
Behaviors
- Resistance training
- Aerobic exercise (↓)
- High-intensity interval training (HIIT) (↓)
- Intermittent fasting (↓)
Functions
Dysfunctions
Books (16)
Always Hungry?
Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy
Fat Chance: Beating the Odds Against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease
Food Politics
Get Up!
Lifespan: Why We Age—and Why We Don’t Have To
Metabolical: The Lure and the Lies of Processed Food, Nutrition, and Modern Medicine
Obesity Epidemiology
Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body
The Circadian Code
The Circadian Diabetes Code
The Diabetes Code: Prevent and Reverse Type 2 Diabetes Naturally
The Longevity Diet
The Obesity Code: Unlocking the Secrets of Weight Loss
What to Eat
Why We Get Sick: The Hidden Epidemic at the Root of Most Chronic Disease
Podcasts
- The Peter Attia Drive
Peter Attia on longevity, health, exercise, and behavior change.
Research (93)
- Hypothalamic Dysfunction Casipit et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Policies to halt and reverse the rise in ultra-processed food production, marketing, and consumption Marion (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Hypothyroidism: A Review Chaker et al. (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Glycine as a conditionally essential amino acid and its relationship to l-serine Holeček (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: A joint advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society Dariush (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society Dariush (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society Dariush (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials Frank (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Testing the carbohydrate-insulin model: The data are supportive! David (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Differential weight-loss responses of APOA2 genotype carriers to low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: the DIETFITS trial Christopher (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Optimal dietary patterns for healthy aging Walter (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Proteomic signatures of healthy dietary patterns are associated with lower risks of major chronic diseases and mortality Walter (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents Saleh et al. (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Nutrition, GH/IGF-1 signaling, and cancer Valter (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Long-term NMN treatment increases lifespan and healthspan in mice in a sex dependent manner David (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
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