Thyroxine (T4)
⤢ 3D
The main thyroid hormone, converted to active T3, that sets the metabolic rate of nearly every tissue — influencing energy, temperature, heart rate, and growth.
Too little may be associated with
Hypothyroidism: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, low mood, and slowed thinking.
Too much may be associated with
Hyperthyroidism: weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, anxiety, and tremor.
Informational only — not medical advice.
Organ systems
Stimuli that influence it
Substances
- Ashwagandha (↑)
- Tyrosine (↑)
- Zinc (↑)
Behaviors
Functions
Dysfunctions
Books (1)
Research (13)
- Hashimoto Thyroiditis Kaur et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Hyperthyroidism Mathew et al. (2026) PubMed ↗
- Hypothyroidism: A Review Chaker et al. (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis Liu et al. (2025) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials Stanga et al. (2024) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis Effraimidis et al. (2023) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Feline Comorbidities: Balancing hyperthyroidism and concurrent chronic kidney disease Geddes et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Primary hypothyroidism and quality of life Hegedüs et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Hashimoto thyroiditis: an evidence-based guide to etiology, diagnosis and treatment Klubo-Gwiezdzinska et al. (2022) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Review Biondi et al. (2019) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Congenital Hypothyroidism Wassner (2018) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Hypothyroidism: etiology, diagnosis, and management Almandoz et al. (2012) Full text ↗ PubMed ↗
- Orlistat-associated adverse effects and drug interactions: a critical review Filippatos et al. (2008) PubMed ↗
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