Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
โคขย 3D
The acute fight-or-flight hormone that spikes within seconds of a threat, raising heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose and dilating airways to prime the body for action.
Too little may be associated with
Blunted acute stress response.
Too much may be associated with
Palpitations, anxiety, and high blood pressure; surges in pheochromocytoma.
Informational only โ not medical advice.
Organ systems
Stimuli that influence it
Substances
- Amphetamineย (โ)(HARMFUL)
- Caffeineย (โ)
- Cocaineย (โ)(HARMFUL)
- Methylphenidateย (โ)
- Nicotineย (โ)(HARMFUL)
Behaviors
- Adventure sportsย (โ)
- Aerobic exerciseย (โ)
- Cold exposureย (โ)
- Cold showerย (โ)
- Competitionย (โ)
- High-intensity interval training (HIIT)ย (โ)
Functions
Dysfunctions
Books (1)
Research (23)
- Biochemistry, Tyramine Burns et al. (2026) PubMed โ
- Physiology, Catecholamines Khalil et al. (2026) PubMed โ
- Plasma levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol in sarcopenia: comparison with non-sarcopenic individuals and the impact of resistance exercise and nutrition interventions Chang et al. (2025) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Physical exercise induces mental flow related to catecholamine levels in noncompetitive, but not competitive conditions in men Karsai et al. (2023) Full text โ PubMed โ
- ฮฒ-adrenoreceptor-triggered PKA activation negatively regulates the innate antiviral response Guo et al. (2023) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Hormonal and metabolic responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia Allsopp et al. (2022) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Dopamine-Secreting Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Miyamoto et al. (2021) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Vasopressor and Inotrope Therapy in Cardiac Critical Care Jentzer et al. (2021) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review Angelopoulou et al. (2021) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Therapeutic Benefits of Laughter in Mental Health: A Theoretical Review Yim (2016) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Chemical sensing of neurotransmitters Pradhan et al. (2014) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Safety and efficacy of a novel nasal spray for maxillary dental anesthesia Ciancio et al. (2013) PubMed โ
- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012 Dellinger et al. (2013) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 Dellinger et al. (2013) Full text โ PubMed โ
- Monoamine neurotransmitter deficiencies Pearl (2013) Full text โ PubMed โ
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