Physiology, Uterus
2026 Jan
Abstract
The uterus is a muscular, hollow organ in the female pelvis that is approximately 5 cm wide, 8 cm long, and 4 cm thick with a volume of 80 to 200 mL. A physiologically normal uterus typically lies in a position of anteversion (tilts forward at the cervix) and anteflexion (tilts forward at the isthmus). The uterus is situated posterior to the bladder, anterior to the rectum, and consists of four anatomical features: the fundus (top), body, isthmus, and cervix (neck of the uterus). The cervical opening into the uterus is the internal os, while the cervical opening into the vagina is the external os. There are three layers of the uterus. From external to internal: Perimetrium: continuous with the peritoneal cavity. Myometrium: smooth muscle which contracts in childbirth. Endometrium: consists of a thin base layer (stratum basalis) and a thicker functional layer (stratum functionalis). The stratum functionalis is a highly vascularized mucosal layer that undergoes monthly cyclical changes and is lost during menstruation.
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